Tel dan, tel rehov, khirbet en nahas, khirbet qeiyafa, and other places seem to contradict finkelstein s claims. Some thoughts on khirbet en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropologya response to israel finkelstein. Khirbet en nahas in southern jordan belong to the same period, but are not included in this study due to the isolation and uniqueness of this site, though in general terms they support the modified chronology for the iron iia period that includes both the 10th and 9th centuries bce in this timeframe levy et al. It remains to be asked why bayesian models may arrive at dates that differ by up to 4050 yr. Finkelstein, khirbat ennahas, edom and biblical history, tel aviv 32, 2005, 119125. Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forwarddistribute the text or. Khirbet en nahas, also spelled khirbat ennahas, is one of the largest copper mining and smelting sites of the ancient world, built around 3,000 years ago. At this site over 100 radiocarbon dates point to continuous operation between the 12th and the late 9th centuries bce finkelstein and piasetzky, 2008. There is evidence for sophisticated economic and political activity in the valley about 3,000 years ago and archaeologists think it may be the site of an. Sheba vii and the nahal besor area finkelstein 1995. Our main conclusions are that 14 c dating supports an iron age high chronology for the above sites, though more 14 c. Pdf some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical history. Full text views reflects the number of pdf downloads.
The copper production site of khirbet en nahas in jordan, south of the dead sea, seems to have r eached its peak of activity in the same timeframe finkelstein and piasetzky 2008. A response to finkelstein and piasetzkys criticism and new perspective. The largest production center was khirbet en nahas. Khirbet ennahas, edom and biblical history request pdf. Developments in subsistence during the early bronze age through. A series of ams radiocarbon determinations have been obtained from the site of khirbet en nahas, jordan. Pdf israel finkelsteins recent comments intel aviv regarding our paper on the iron age excavations at khirbet ennahas in southern jordan contain. Radiocarbon and the history of copper production at. Pdf the wilderness of zin lexham bible dictionary chris. Piasetzky, 14c and the history of copper production at khirbet en nahas, tel aviv 35 2008, pp. Metalworking at megiddo during the late bronze and iron ages. Oct 28, 2008 the work reported here represents the largescale excavations at the ia copper production site of khirbat en nahas ken and is a part of a deeptime study of the impact of mining and metallurgy over the past 8 millennia in jordans faynan district. Some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical history.
Lead isotope analysis of slagtempered negev highlands. Piasetzky, radiocarbon and the history of copper production at. Faynan is part of an ia polity known from the hb as edom, located in the saharoarabian desert. Wilderness of zin the university of groningen research portal. Khirbet ennahas, tel rehov, as well as sites in the central and western. The authors have explored the workplace and house of copper workers of the early iron age twelfth to tenth century bc in jordans wadi faynan copper ore district, showing that it belongs in time between the collapse of the great bronze age states and the arrival of egyptians in the area under sheshonq i. However, the role of ground stone tools in the iron age copper industry in faynan has not been systematically presented. Fuel resources for copper smelting in antiquity in. Kelley, justin toward a new synthesis of the god of edom and. Ayalon, the iron age ii pottery assemblage from horvat teiman kun. One of us has already raised questions on this matter finkelstein 2005. Smith and levy 2008 have published an assemblage of pottery from the copper production centre of khirbet en nahas in jordan.
In their response to our methodological critique on the khirbet en nahas dating results, levy et al. Khirbat ennahas or khirbet en nahas is one of the largest copper mining and smelting sites of the ancient world, built around 3,000 years ago. Israel finkelstein s critique in tel aviv 2005 of our paper published in the british journal antiquity is riddled with misinterpretations of the data from our excavations at the iron age metal production site of khirbet en nauas ken. Highprecision radiocarbon dating and historical biblical. Iron iia slagtempered pottery in the negev highlands. Prospects and problems in the use of hyperspectral imagery. Khirbet qeiyafa the israel antiquities authority stated. Manning, sturt w kromer, bernd bronk ramsey, christopher pearson, charlotte l talamo, sahra trano, nicole and watkins, jennifer d 2010. The debate regarding the periodical attribution of the khirbet qeiyafa pottery assemblage to the iron age i or iia is still ongoing.
New excavations and 14c dates from khirbat ennahas jordan. Oct 31, 2016 excavations at the iron age faynan site of khirbat en nahas and the recent final publication of that project have revealed peaks in industrialscale production during the 10 th and 9 th centuries bce. In a recent issue of this journal, kang 2015 responded to an earlier article published by me singeravitz 2012 and attributed this assemblage to a transitional iron iiia period. Some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical history and. The yarnton conference titled the bible and radiocarbon dating levy and higham 2005 was another opportunity to publish large bodies of data and interpretations. This paper deals with a recent publication of the finds from the copper production centre of khirbet ennahas levy et al. There is evidence for sophisticated economic and political activity in the valley about 3,000 years ago and archaeologists think it may be the site of. Finkelstein, the settlement history of jerusalem in the eighth and seventh centuries bce, revue biblique 115 2008, pp. Radiocarbon and the history of copper production at khirbet.
Publisher department of geosciences, the university of arizona. A large collective 14 c investigation approach of many sites. Tell and khirbet, unless the place names are taken directly from printed works. Article information, pdf download for exodus and settlement. Tell elkheleifeh also tell elchulefi is an archaeological site in jordan at the head of the gulf of aqaba immediately northwest of the city of aqaba. University of groningen desert habitation history by 14c.
The date of the khirbet en nahas fortress is difficult to establish. Pdf a response to finkelstein and piasetzky criticism. Based on their interpretation of the 14 c dates from the site and contra the accumulated knowledge on the ceramic typology of the levant they argue that this pottery dates to the iron i and iron iia, and that there was no later activity at the site. Finkelstein identifies it as the assyrian fort of eziongeber, guarding the trade routes with arabia along with the forts at tamar and khirbet en nahas, as part of a strategic assyrian domination system built between the very end of the 8th and the first half of the 7th century bce. Israel finkelstein, eli piasetzky, radiocarbon and the history of copper production at khirbet ennahas, tel aviv, 10. Khirbet ennahas, also spelled khirbat ennahas, is one of the largest copper mining and. Studies in the archaeology and history of israel in the late bronze age, iron age, and persian period in honor of david. Despite thorough field research, major issues relate d to the negev highlands sites remain in dispute. Biblical scholars view the late bronze age and early iron as the period during which the tribes of israel settled in canaan, as described at length in the books of joshua and judges in the hebrew bible. It is located in wadi faynan, between the dead sea and the gulf of aqaba, now in jordan. Synchrotron radiationbased xray analysis of bronze.
Abstractwe propose that an early moabite territorial entity emerged south of wadi mujib the biblical arnon in the late iron i the late 11th and 10th centuries bc. Oct 01, 20 the area of wadi faynan in southern jordan was the leading copper producer. Najjar, some thoughts on khirbat en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropology a response to israel finkelstein, tel aviv 33 2006. Pdf some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical. Piasetzky, radiocarbon and the history of copper production at khirbet ennahas, tel aviv 35 2008. The forgotten kingdom society of biblical literature. A large collective 14c investigation approach of many sites joined together was undertaken by the iron age dating. Some thoughts on khirbet en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropologya response to israel finkelstein more.
Iron iia slagtempered pottery in the negev highlands, israel. Jan 01, 2016 all three tooth samples of the three individuals who seem to have real excess of pb based on pbca vs. The beginning of iron age copper production in the southern. Israel finkelstein s recent comments intel aviv regarding our paper on the iron age excavations at khirbet en nahas in southern jordan contain numerous misinterpretations of the data. Khirbet en nahas this site, important as it may be for the study of copper production in the levant levy et al. The beginning of iron age copper production in the. Feb 01, 2012 most of the high similarity regions are located north of the site, across wadi alghuwayb and up the wadi aljariya.
The excavations at khirbat qeiyafa clearly reveal an urban society that existed in judah already in the late eleventh century bce. Institute of archae khirbet ennahas, dan and megiddo. Khirbet en nahas, tel rehov, as well as sites in the central and western mediterranean region, particularly carthage and huelva. Rehov, khirbet en nahas, dan, and megiddo israel finkelstein department of archaeology and ancient near eastern cultures, tel aviv university 69978, israel. Journal of the institute of archaeology of tel aviv university. Kelley, justin toward a new synthesis of the god of edom. Its older identification with the 10thcentury port from the biblical king solomon narrative does not stand up to newer archaeological assessments, while its identification with biblical eziongeber andor elath of a later date remains a. The addition of tin would have strengthened the bronze alloy, making it a marked improvement over. Neighboring southern jordan, the geographic area known as edom, witnessed the emergence of the first historicallyrecorded state or kingdom level of social organization.
Ancient texts and archaeology revisited radiocarbon and. Khirbet en nahas was strongly connected to the iron i and iiaif settlement activity in the beersheba valley and areas further to the west. Pdf the archaeology of tell elkheleifeh and the history of ezion. Concerning khirbet en nahas, in their response to similar criticism by finkelstein 2005, the excavators, t levy and m najjar, elucidated the stratification of the site and noted.
Data from khirbat ennahas, and the nearby site of rujm hamra ifdan, demonstrate the centrality of. We should also mention the large number of dates from the copper extraction site of khirbet en nahas, dating a local version of iron iia material culture to the 10th9th centuries bce levy et al. Bruins 11 radiocarbon dating of the khirbat en nahas site jordan and bayesian modelling of the results thomas higham. The article deals with the 46 14 c determinations from khirbet en nahas, described as the largest iron age coppersmelting site in the southern levant. Finkelstein and piasetzky 2006 that the khirbet en nahas fortress was built in the 8th century bce, under assyrian in. It is suggested that production at khirbet en nahas. Khirbet ennahas provide evidence for the beginning.
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