The date of the khirbet en nahas fortress is difficult to establish. Pdf some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical. The authors have explored the workplace and house of copper workers of the early iron age twelfth to tenth century bc in jordans wadi faynan copper ore district, showing that it belongs in time between the collapse of the great bronze age states and the arrival of egyptians in the area under sheshonq i. Jan 01, 2016 all three tooth samples of the three individuals who seem to have real excess of pb based on pbca vs. Smith and levy 2008 have published an assemblage of pottery from the copper production centre of khirbet en nahas in jordan. Khirbet ennahas, also spelled khirbat ennahas, is one of the largest copper mining and. Wilderness of zin the university of groningen research portal. Khirbet ennahas, tel rehov, as well as sites in the central and western. Finkelstein identifies it as the assyrian fort of eziongeber, guarding the trade routes with arabia along with the forts at tamar and khirbet en nahas, as part of a strategic assyrian domination system built between the very end of the 8th and the first half of the 7th century bce. Oct 01, 20 the area of wadi faynan in southern jordan was the leading copper producer. Finkelstein and piasetzky 2006 that the khirbet en nahas fortress was built in the 8th century bce, under assyrian in.
Some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical history. Prospects and problems in the use of hyperspectral imagery. A series of ams radiocarbon determinations have been obtained from the site of khirbet en nahas, jordan. Radiocarbon and the history of copper production at. Pdf some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical history. The forgotten kingdom society of biblical literature.
Ayalon, the iron age ii pottery assemblage from horvat teiman kun. Highprecision radiocarbon dating and historical biblical. Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forwarddistribute the text or. At this site over 100 radiocarbon dates point to continuous operation between the 12th and the late 9th centuries bce finkelstein and piasetzky, 2008. Ancient texts and archaeology revisited radiocarbon and. University of groningen desert habitation history by 14c. However, the role of ground stone tools in the iron age copper industry in faynan has not been systematically presented. Tell elkheleifeh also tell elchulefi is an archaeological site in jordan at the head of the gulf of aqaba immediately northwest of the city of aqaba. Khirbet qeiyafa the israel antiquities authority stated.
Sheba vii and the nahal besor area finkelstein 1995. Khirbet ennahas, edom and biblical history request pdf. Some thoughts on khirbet ennahas, edom, biblical history and. Institute of archae khirbet ennahas, dan and megiddo. Data from khirbat ennahas, and the nearby site of rujm hamra ifdan, demonstrate the centrality of. The beginning of iron age copper production in the. There is evidence for sophisticated economic and political activity in the valley about 3,000 years ago and archaeologists think it may be the site of. Some thoughts on khirbet en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropologya response to israel finkelstein. A large collective 14c investigation approach of many sites joined together was undertaken by the iron age dating. Some thoughts on khirbet en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropologya response to israel finkelstein more. In their response to our methodological critique on the khirbet en nahas dating results, levy et al. Khirbat ennahas or khirbet en nahas is one of the largest copper mining and smelting sites of the ancient world, built around 3,000 years ago.
The beginning of iron age copper production in the southern. It remains to be asked why bayesian models may arrive at dates that differ by up to 4050 yr. Israel finkelstein s recent comments intel aviv regarding our paper on the iron age excavations at khirbet en nahas in southern jordan contain numerous misinterpretations of the data. Khirbet en nahas was strongly connected to the iron i and iiaif settlement activity in the beersheba valley and areas further to the west. Metalworking at megiddo during the late bronze and iron ages. This paper deals with a recent publication of the finds from the copper production centre of khirbet ennahas levy et al. Feb 01, 2012 most of the high similarity regions are located north of the site, across wadi alghuwayb and up the wadi aljariya.
Iron iia slagtempered pottery in the negev highlands, israel. Khirbet en nahas, also spelled khirbat ennahas, is one of the largest copper mining and smelting sites of the ancient world, built around 3,000 years ago. Rehov, khirbet en nahas, dan, and megiddo israel finkelstein department of archaeology and ancient near eastern cultures, tel aviv university 69978, israel. Faynan is part of an ia polity known from the hb as edom, located in the saharoarabian desert.
Finkelstein dates the end of this phase to the late 7th. Pdf israel finkelsteins recent comments intel aviv regarding our paper on the iron age excavations at khirbet ennahas in southern jordan contain. Studies in the archaeology and history of israel in the late bronze age, iron age, and persian period in honor of david. The largest production center was khirbet en nahas. Synchrotron radiationbased xray analysis of bronze. Kelley, justin toward a new synthesis of the god of edom. The seems that an increase in production at khirbet en chronology of the late iron i and early iron iia as nahas can be dated to the late 10th and early 9th delineated by recent radiocarbon studies supports centuries bc finkelstein and piasetzky 2008, this notion.
It is located in wadi faynan, between the dead sea and the gulf of aqaba, now in jordan. It is suggested that production at khirbet en nahas. Khirbet ennahas provide evidence for the beginning. Khirbet en nahas in southern jordan belong to the same period, but are not included in this study due to the isolation and uniqueness of this site, though in general terms they support the modified chronology for the iron iia period that includes both the 10th and 9th centuries bce in this timeframe levy et al. Khirbet en nahas is a copper production site, not a stratified settlement, and much of its accumulation is industrial waste photo in levy et al. Article information, pdf download for exodus and settlement.
Khirbet en nahas, tel rehov, as well as sites in the central and western mediterranean region, particularly carthage and huelva. We should also mention the large number of dates from the copper extraction site of khirbet en nahas, dating a local version of iron iia material culture to the 10th9th centuries bce levy et al. Piasetzky, radiocarbon and the history of copper production at khirbet ennahas, tel aviv 35 2008. Lead isotope analysis of slagtempered negev highlands. Some thoughts on khirbet en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropology. Concerning khirbet en nahas, in their response to similar criticism by finkelstein 2005, the excavators, t levy and m najjar, elucidated the stratification of the site and noted. Piasetzky, radiocarbon and the history of copper production at. Finkelstein, the settlement history of jerusalem in the eighth and seventh centuries bce, revue biblique 115 2008, pp. Developments in subsistence during the early bronze age through. The copper production site of khirbet en nahas in jordan, south of the dead sea, seems to have r eached its peak of activity in the same timeframe finkelstein and piasetzky 2008. Najjar, some thoughts on khirbat en nahas, edom, biblical history and anthropology a response to israel finkelstein, tel aviv 33 2006. Manning, sturt w kromer, bernd bronk ramsey, christopher pearson, charlotte l talamo, sahra trano, nicole and watkins, jennifer d 2010. Its older identification with the 10thcentury port from the biblical king solomon narrative does not stand up to newer archaeological assessments, while its identification with biblical eziongeber andor elath of a later date remains a. Oct 28, 2008 the work reported here represents the largescale excavations at the ia copper production site of khirbat en nahas ken and is a part of a deeptime study of the impact of mining and metallurgy over the past 8 millennia in jordans faynan district.
Pdf the archaeology of tell elkheleifeh and the history of ezion. The yarnton conference titled the bible and radiocarbon dating levy and higham 2005 was another opportunity to publish large bodies of data and interpretations. Iron iia slagtempered pottery in the negev highlands. New excavations and 14c dates from khirbat ennahas jordan. Radiocarbon and the history of copper production at khirbet. The article deals with the 46 14 c determinations from khirbet en nahas, described as the largest iron age coppersmelting site in the southern levant. Oct 31, 2016 excavations at the iron age faynan site of khirbat en nahas and the recent final publication of that project have revealed peaks in industrialscale production during the 10 th and 9 th centuries bce. In a recent issue of this journal, kang 2015 responded to an earlier article published by me singeravitz 2012 and attributed this assemblage to a transitional iron iiia period. A large collective 14 c investigation approach of many sites.
Full text views reflects the number of pdf downloads. Abstractwe propose that an early moabite territorial entity emerged south of wadi mujib the biblical arnon in the late iron i the late 11th and 10th centuries bc. The excavations at khirbat qeiyafa clearly reveal an urban society that existed in judah already in the late eleventh century bce. Our main conclusions are that 14 c dating supports an iron age high chronology for the above sites, though more 14 c.
Publisher department of geosciences, the university of arizona. Based on their interpretation of the 14 c dates from the site and contra the accumulated knowledge on the ceramic typology of the levant they argue that this pottery dates to the iron i and iron iia, and that there was no later activity at the site. The addition of tin would have strengthened the bronze alloy, making it a marked improvement over. Iron age nomads and their relation to copper smelting in. Piasetzky, 14c and the history of copper production at khirbet en nahas, tel aviv 35 2008, pp. A response to finkelstein and piasetzkys criticism and new perspective. There is evidence for sophisticated economic and political activity in the valley about 3,000 years ago and archaeologists think it may be the site of an.
Tell and khirbet, unless the place names are taken directly from printed works. Israel finkelstein s critique in tel aviv 2005 of our paper published in the british journal antiquity is riddled with misinterpretations of the data from our excavations at the iron age metal production site of khirbet en nauas ken. One of us has already raised questions on this matter finkelstein 2005. Finkelstein, israel and neil asher silberman 2001 the bible unearthed. Tel dan, tel rehov, khirbet en nahas, khirbet qeiyafa, and other places seem to contradict finkelstein s claims. Finkelstein, khirbat ennahas, edom and biblical history, tel aviv 32, 2005, 119125. Biblical scholars view the late bronze age and early iron as the period during which the tribes of israel settled in canaan, as described at length in the books of joshua and judges in the hebrew bible. Kelley, justin toward a new synthesis of the god of edom and. Jul 01, 2008 stratified remains and radiocarbon dates suggest that the fortressmining site of khirbet en nahas began intensive copper smelting perhaps as early as the 12th century bce and later reasserted itself in the 98th century bce levy et al. Neighboring southern jordan, the geographic area known as edom, witnessed the emergence of the first historicallyrecorded state or kingdom level of social organization. Journal of the institute of archaeology of tel aviv university. Pdf the wilderness of zin lexham bible dictionary chris. Fuel resources for copper smelting in antiquity in. Khirbet en nahas this site, important as it may be for the study of copper production in the levant levy et al.
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